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In order to think clearly about patent issues, the first thing you have to do is disentangle patent law from copyright law and from trademark law; various different laws that say totally different things and have essentially nothing in common. But many people have been misled into thinking that these ideas are really similar. They are typically misled by the use of the term ‘intellectual property’. People are told that patents are a kind of ‘intellectual property’ and copyright is a kind of ‘intellectual property’, and people who hear this end up thinking that there is some substantial thing called intellectual property, some principle, and that copyrights and patents are just variations in little details. Nothing could be further from the truth. –R. Stallman

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English with German introduction (Englisch mit Einleitung auf Deutsch)

About 20 years ago, the Australian government commissioned a study of the patent system, which concluded there was no evidence at all that Australia benefited by having a patent system… and they said if it were not for international pressure they would recommend abolishing the patent system. –R. Stallman

Be sure to check out the common sense analogy to music at 1:24:24

by Dr. Richard M. Stallman

In 1989, in a very different world, I wrote the first version of the GNU General Public License, a license that gives computer users freedom. The GNU GPL, of all the free software licenses, is the one that most fully embodies the values and aims of the free software movement, by ensuring the four fundamental freedoms for every user. These are freedoms to 0) run the program as you wish; 1) study the source code and change it to do what you wish; 2) make and distribute copies, when you wish; 3) and distribute modified versions, when you wish.

Any license that grants these freedoms is a free software license. The GNU GPL goes further: it protects these freedoms for all users of all versions of the program by forbidding middlemen from stripping them off. Most components of the GNU/Linux operating system, including the Linux component that was made free software in 1992, are licensed under GPL version 2, released in 1991. Now, with legal advice from Professor Eben Moglen, I am designing version 3 of the GNU GPL.

GPLv3 must cope with threats to freedom that we did not imagine in 1989. The coming generation of computers, and many products with increasingly powerful embedded computers, are being turned against us by their manufacturers before we buy them–they are designed to restrict what we can use them to do.

First, there was the TiVo. People may think of it as an appliance to record TV programs, but it contains a real computer running a GNU/Linux system. As required by the GPL, you can get the source code for the system. You can change the code, recompile and install it. But once you install a changed version, the TiVo won’t run at all, because of a special mechanism designed to sabotage you. Freedom No. 1, the freedom to change the software to do what you wish, has become a sham.

Then came Treacherous Computing, promoted as “Trusted Computing,” meaning that companies can “trust” your computer to obey them instead of you. It enables network sites to tell which program you are running; if you change the program, or write your own, they will refuse to talk to you. Once again, freedom No. 1 becomes a sham.

Microsoft has a scheme, originally called Palladium, that enables an application program to “seal” data so that no other program can access it. If Disney distributes movies this way, you’ll be unable to exercise your legal rights of fair use and de minimis use. If an application records your data this way, it will be the ultimate in vendor lock-in. This too destroys freedom No. 1 – if modified versions of a program cannot access the same data, you can’t really change the program to do what you wish. Something like Palladium is planned for a coming version of Windows.

AACS, the “Advanced Access Content System,” promoted by Disney, IBM, Microsoft, Intel, Sony, and others, aims to restrict use of HDTV recordings–and software–so they can’t be used except as these companies permit. Sony was caught last year installing a “rootkit” into millions of people’s computers, and not telling them how to remove it. Sony has learned its lesson: it will install the “rootkit” in your computer before you get it, and you won’t be able to remove it. This plan explicitly requires devices to be “robust”–meaning you cannot change them. Its implementors will surely want to include GPL-covered software, trampling freedom No. 1. This scheme should get “AACSed,” and a boycott of HD DVD and Blu-ray has already been announced (http://bluraysucks.com/boycott).

Allowing a few businesses to organize a scheme to deny our freedoms for their profit is a failure of government, but so far most of the world’s governments, led by the U.S., have acted as paid accomplices rather than policemen for these schemes. The copyright industry has promulgated its peculiar ideas of right and wrong so vigorously that some readers may find it hard to entertain the idea that individual freedom can trump their profits.

Facing these threats to our freedom, what should the free software community do? Some say we should give in and accept the distribution of our software in ways that don’t allow modified versions to function, because this will make our software more popular. Some refer to free software as “open source,” that being the slogan of an amoral approach to the matter, which cites powerful and reliable software as the highest goals. If we allow companies to use our software to restrict us, this “open source DRM” could help them restrict us more powerfully and reliably. Those who wield the power could benefit by sharing and improving the source code of the software they use to do so. We too could read that source code–read it and weep, if we can’t make a changed version run. For the goals of freedom and community–the goals of the free software movement–this concession would amount to failure.

We developed the GNU operating system so that we could control our own computers, and cooperate freely in using them in freedom. To seek popularity for our software by ceding this freedom would defeat the purpose; at best, we might flatter our egos. Therefore we have designed version 3 of the GNU GPL to uphold the user’s freedom to modify the source code and put modified versions to real use.

The debate about the GPL v3 is part of a broader debate about DRM versus your rights. The motive for DRM schemes is to increase profits for those who impose them, but their profit is a side issue when millions of people’s freedom is at stake; desire for profit, though not wrong in itself, cannot justify denying the public control over its technology. Defending freedom means thwarting DRM.

First published by BusinessWeek Online.

Dr. Richard M. Stallman is the founder of the GNU Project

Copyright (C) 2006 Richard Stallman
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.

Oxygen produces the most prominent auroral light, emitting green light at wavelength 557.7 nm and red at 630.0 nm. Other spectral lines in Earthly auroras result from collisions with nitrogen and other atmospheric gasses, though these are less visible than the photon emissions of oxygen.

Below, the aurora is viewed from aboard the ISS, at an altitude of approximately 350km:

Here’s a brief time-lapse video of aurora over British Columbia, Canada:

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Astrophysicist Monica Kress, speaking at Google’s campus, shares her experience collecting space rocks on Earth’s coldest continent:

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